2. Health and Diseases
Complete solutions to the Exercises. Maharashtra State Board (Balbharati), Grade Eight General Science.
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Exercises
| Infectious diseases | Non-infectious diseases |
|---|---|
| These diseases spread from one person to another. | These diseases do not spread from one person to another. |
| They are caused by pathogens like viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi. | They are caused by heredity, faulty lifestyle, wrong diet or stress. |
| They spread through air, water, food, insects or contact. | No medium is needed. |
| Examples: Tuberculosis, cholera, dengue. | Examples: Cancer, diabetes, heart disease. |
(a) Malaria, hepatitis, elephantiasis, dengue. Hepatitis
The other three diseases are spread by mosquitoes.
(b) Plague, AIDS, cholera, T.B. AIDS
AIDS is a viral disease. The other three are bacterial diseases.
(a) Which are various media of spreading the infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases spread through air, water, food, insects like mosquitoes and flies, and contact with the patient.
(b) Give the names of five non-infectious diseases other than given in the lesson.
High blood pressure, arthritis, goitre, anaemia and kidney stones.
(c) Which are the main reasons of diabetes and heart diseases?
Heredity, obesity, lack of exercise and mental stress cause diabetes. Smoking, alcohol, high blood pressure, obesity and stress cause heart diseases.
(a) Drinking boiled and filtered water.
Germs in water are killed. Water-borne diseases like cholera, typhoid and jaundice are prevented.
(b) Avoiding smoking and alcoholism.
Cancer, heart diseases and liver diseases are prevented. Our health remains good.
(c) Regular balanced diet and exercise.
The body stays fit and immunity increases. Obesity, diabetes and heart diseases are prevented.
(d) Proper checking of blood before blood donation.
Diseases like AIDS and hepatitis do not spread through blood. The patient gets safe blood.
(a) Master ‘X’ can suffer from which different possible diseases in above conditions?
- Due to dirt and unclean toilets: cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea and jaundice.
- Due to mosquitoes: malaria and dengue.
- Due to lack of balanced diet: malnutrition and deficiency diseases like anaemia.
(b) How will you help him and his family in this situation?
- I will tell them to wash hands with soap and drink boiled water.
- I will explain the importance of balanced diet to his mother.
- I will guide them to take the child to a health centre for vaccination.
- I will tell the father about the harmful effects of alcohol.
(c) Which disease can occur to the father of master ‘X’?
The father can suffer from liver diseases, cancer, heart disease and high blood pressure due to alcohol.
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(a) Dengue.
- Do not allow water to collect around the house.
- Empty and dry coolers, pots and tanks once a week.
- Keep water containers covered.
- Use mosquito nets and repellents.
(b) Cancer.
- Avoid tobacco, smoking and alcohol.
- Eat fruits and green leafy vegetables.
- Exercise regularly.
- Get regular health check-ups.
(c) AIDS.
- Use only new, disposable needles and syringes.
- Use blood only after testing it for HIV.
- Avoid unsafe sexual contact.
- Spread correct information about AIDS.
(a) Balanced diet.
- A balanced diet contains all nutrients in proper proportion.
- It gives energy and helps proper growth of the body.
- It increases our immunity.
- It prevents deficiency diseases.
(b) Physical exercise / Yogasanas.
- Exercise keeps muscles and bones strong.
- It keeps the heart healthy and improves blood circulation.
- It controls body weight.
- Yogasanas and pranayam reduce mental stress.
(a) Viral diseases.
Dengue, hepatitis, AIDS, polio, rabies, common cold.
(b) Bacterial diseases.
Tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, plague, tetanus.
(c) Diseases spread through insects.
Malaria, dengue, elephantiasis, chikungunya, plague.
(d) Hereditary diseases.
Down’s syndrome, haemophilia, colour blindness, sickle-cell anaemia.
Cancer is uncontrolled growth of cells. Early detection helps in cure.
Diagnosis:
- CT scan and MRI scan show the exact place of the tumour.
- Mammography detects breast cancer early.
- In biopsy, a small piece of tissue is tested under a microscope.
Treatment:
- Chemotherapy: Medicines kill cancer cells.
- Radiation therapy: Rays destroy cancer cells.
- Surgery: The tumour is removed by operation.
- Robotic and laparoscopic surgery are modern methods.
Read the label on each medicine. The composition is printed on it. Examples:
- Fever tablet – Paracetamol.
- ORS powder – Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, glucose.
- Antacid – Aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide.
- Balm – Menthol, camphor.
Never take medicine without a doctor’s advice.